Certificates are （ ） documents attesting to the （ ） of a public key to an individual or other entity. They allow verification of the claim that a given public key does in fact belong to a given individual. Certificates help prevent someone from using a phony key to （ ）someone else. In their simplest form, Certificates contain a public key and a name. As commonly used, a certificate also contains an （ ）date, the name of the CA that issued the certificate, a serial number, and perhaps other information. Most importantly, it contains the digital （ ） of the certificate issuer. The most widely accepted format for certificates is X.59 , thus, Certificates can be read or written by any application complying with X.59.
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